概述

心室颤动是一种心律异常(心律失常)。心室颤动时,下心室会非常快速且不协调地收缩。这将导致心脏无法将血液泵送到身体的其他部位。

心室颤动是一种需要立即就医的紧急情况,是心源性猝死的最常见原因。

心室颤动的急救治疗包括心肺复苏(CPR)和使用自动体外除颤器(AED)设备对心脏进行电击。医生可能建议通过药物、植入设备或手术来预防心室颤动发作。

心室颤动也可能被称为 VFib、V-fib 或 VF。

症状

昏厥和失去意识是心室颤动最常见的症状。

在心室颤动发作之前,可能出现不规律的心跳过快或心跳不稳定(心律失常)的症状。您可能出现:

  • 胸部疼痛
  • 心跳极快(心动过速)
  • 头晕
  • 恶心
  • 气短

何时就诊

如果您有不明原因的快速或剧烈心跳,请与心脏病医生(心脏病专家)约诊。

如果看到有人昏倒,请立即寻求紧急医疗救助。遵循以下步骤:

  • 拨打 911 或当地的急救电话。
  • 如果此人失去意识,检查脉搏。
  • 如果没有脉搏,开始进行 CPR,以帮助保持血液在体内流动,直到有自动体外除颤器(AED)可用。美国心脏协会建议采用徒手 CPR。用力快速按压患者胸部,每分钟按压约 100 至 120 次。无需检查患者的气道或进行人工呼吸。持续按压,直到急救人员到达。
  • 拿到 AED 后立即使用。按照设备上的提示进行电击。

病因

心室颤动由以下任一原因引起:

  • 心脏的电特性问题
  • 心肌供血中断

有时心室颤动的病因不明。

要详细了解心室颤动如何发生,了解心脏通常如何跳动可能会有所帮助。

心跳

正常心脏由四个腔室组成,包括两个上腔室(心房)和两个下腔室(心室)。在心脏的右上腔室(右心房)中,有一组名为窦房结的细胞。窦房结是心脏的天然起搏器。窦房结会产生启动每一次心跳的信号。

这些电信号穿过心房,使心脏肌肉挤压(收缩)并将血液泵入心室。

然后,信号到达被称为 AV 结的细胞簇,并在此处放慢速度。这种轻微的延迟使心室得以充满血液。当信号到达心室时,心脏的下腔室收缩并将血液泵送到肺部或身体其他部位。

在正常心脏中,这个心脏信号传导过程通常平稳进行,产生每分钟 60 到 100 次的静息心率。而发生心室颤动时,快速、不规律的电信号导致心脏下腔室只是颤动而根本不泵送血液。

风险因素

可能增加心室颤动风险的因素包括:

  • 以前发生过心室颤动
  • 心脏病发作史
  • 出生时患有心脏疾病(先天性心脏缺损)
  • 心肌疾病(心肌病)
  • 造成心肌损伤的伤害,例如被闪电击中
  • 药物滥用,尤其是可卡因或甲基苯丙胺
  • 钾或镁严重失衡

并发症

如果不立即治疗,心室颤动只需几分钟就有可能导致死亡。这种状况下快速、不稳定的心跳会导致心脏骤然停止向身体供血。血压会骤然大幅度下降。身体缺血时间越长,大脑和其他器官受损的风险就越大。

心室颤动是导致心源性猝死的最常见原因。出现其他长期并发症的风险取决于是否及早接受治疗。

Oct. 26, 2024

Living with 心室颤动?

Connect with others like you for support and answers to your questions in the Heart Rhythm Conditions support group on Mayo Clinic Connect, a patient community.

Heart Rhythm Conditions Discussions

kenny48
How did you wean off Metoprolol?

556 Replies Thu, Mar 20, 2025

opiestrer
Living with SVT Without Worries

33 Replies Sun, Mar 16, 2025

Kanaaz Pereira, Connect Moderator
Heart Rhythm Conditions – Welcome to the group

1150 Replies Fri, Mar 07, 2025

See more discussions
  1. Anderson RD, et al. Catheter ablation of ventricular fibrillation. Heart, Lung & Circulation. 2019; doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2018.09.005.
  2. Podrid PJ, et al. Ventricular arrhythmias during acute myocardial infarction: Incidence, mechanisms, and clinical features. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed April 5, 2021.
  3. Rethinking drinking: How much is too much? National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. https://www.rethinkingdrinking.niaaa.nih.gov/How-much-is-too-much/Is-your-drinking-pattern-risky/Drinking-Levels.aspx. Accessed April 5, 2021.
  4. How the heart works. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/how-heart-works. Accessed April 5, 2021.
  5. Goldman L, et al., eds. Ventricular arrhythmias. In: Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Elsevier; 2020. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed April 5, 2021.
  6. Libby P, et al., eds. Ventricular arrhythmias. In: Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 12th ed. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Aug. 16, 2022.
  7. Ferri FF. Ventricular fibrillation. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2023. Elsevier; 2023. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Aug. 19, 2022.
  8. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. 2nd ed. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://health.gov/our-work/physical-activity/current-guidelines. Accessed June 16, 2022.
  9. What is an automated external defibrillator? American Heart Association. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cardiac-arrest/cardiac-arrest-tools--resources. Accessed Aug. 16, 2022.
  10. Highlights of the 2020 AHA guidelines update for CPR and ECC. American Heart Association. https://cpr.heart.org/en/resuscitation-science/cpr-and-ecc-guidelines. Accessed Aug. 16, 2022.
  11. Arrhythmia. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/arrhythmia. Accessed April 5, 2021.
  12. Goldberger AL, et al. Sudden cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death syndromes. In: Goldberger's Clinical Electrocardiography: A Simplified Approach. 9th ed. Elsevier; 2018. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed April 5, 2021.
  13. Libby P, et al., eds. Therapy for cardiac arrhythmias. In: Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 12th ed. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Aug. 16, 2022.
  14. 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov. Accessed June 15, 2022.
  15. Noseworthy PA (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic. April 14, 2021.
  16. Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Life's essential 8: Updating and enhancing the American Heart Association's construct of cardiovascular health: A presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022; doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001078.
  17. American Heart Association adds sleep to cardiovascular health checklist. American Heart Association. https://newsroom.heart.org/news/american-heart-association-adds-sleep-to-cardiovascular-health-checklist. Accessed July 15, 2022.